viernes, 03 de mayo de 2019

Department of Natural Resources Boat Data Collection

On April 18, 2019 at the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) on James Island, SC, from the time of 12:30pm to 3:00pm (2 1/2 hours). I made observations through the iNaturalist app and posted them to my account. Having already been out to the Grice Marine Laboratory, which is also located on James Island near the DNR, I had a general knowledge of some of the species that lived in the Charleston harbor. While I had a general understanding of inhabiting species, I wasn't able to fully immerse myself into the environment, that of which I was able to do with the DNR boat ride. On that Thursday, it was sunny with a temperature of 79 degrees. While it may seem like it was unbearably hot, it was actual cool due to the breeze blowing throughout the harbor. Being on the boat, the goal was to cast out a weighted net, much larger than the one used at Grice, and observe and identify what would be brought up. The net was controlled by "doors," two wooden planks that would open and close net. Before pulling up the net and viewing what was caught, it was made clear that any shrimp or squid caught was to be kept and collected for specimens located at the research facility back on James Island. From that point on, I did what was requested in regards to any shrimp or squid caught and began identifying the marine life found in the Charleston harbor.
The net was thrown out multiple times but each collection was differentiated by the area that it was done. That being said, the trip was divided into two sections, the "muddy" area and the "coral" area. These two sections refer to the areas of the harbor where there is typically more sediment or mud, and typically more hard rock-like structures, or coral. The first net casting was in the "muddy" area and brought up a lot of different marine life such as brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus), Atlantic blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), spot croaker (Leiostomus xanthurus), windowpane flounder (Scophtalmus aquosus), and searobins (Triglidae). From these many sea creatures that I identified only my observation of the spot croaker and windowpane flounder was deemed research grade. Out of all of the animals found during this catch, the brown shrimp was the most interesting. While shrimp doesn't seem like an exciting animal, it's quite the contrary. The brown shrimp is a species of marine penaeid shrimps found around the east coast of the USA and Mexico. They are an important commercial species in the USA. From the image of the brown shrimp, you can notice its substantially large size, this is due to the fact that Charleston didn't experience a cold winter. Due to this fact, the shrimp were able to continue to feed and grow, that of which resulted in larger shrimp.
While the net casting in the "muddy" area was productive, the catch in the "coral" area was even more interesting. From this area there were a lot of diverse species caught such as striped burrfish (Chilomycterus schoepfii), ocellated flounder (Ancylopsetta ommata), common octopus (Octopus vulgaris), northern puffer (Sphoeroides maculatus), tounguefish (Cynoglossidae), Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), Atlantic sea pork (Aplidium stellatum), mantis shrimp (Subclass hoplocarida), and a common sea star (Asterias rubens). In addition to this, while not necessarily caught from the net, I observed a laughing gull (Leucophaeus atricilla) and a brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis). From my identifications, those of the striped burrfish, ocellated flounder, northern puffer, Atlantic horseshoe crab, laughing gull, Atlantic sea pork, and brown pelican were all deemed research grade observations. Out of all my observations from the area, the northern puffer was the most interesting. The northern puffer is a species in the family of pufferfishes, found along the Atlantic coast. Unlike many other pufferfish species, the flesh of the northern puffer is not poisonous, making them edible and a delicacy in the Chesapeake Bay region.
Overall, the DNR boat experience was like no other. I was able to gain a better understanding of the marine life that lives in the waters of the Charleston harbor. The are proves to be a home for a lot of plant and animal diversity. From the net castings, not only was I able to identify species of animals but I was also able to observe how the difference of areas in the harbor affects the species found and collected.

Publicado el viernes, 03 de mayo de 2019 a las 03:36 AM por christian731 christian731 | 16 observaciones | 0 comentarios | Deja un comentario

Shell Collection

Shells from Folly Beach
Folly Island, SC

Publicado el viernes, 03 de mayo de 2019 a las 02:44 AM por christian731 christian731 | 8 observaciones | 0 comentarios | Deja un comentario

jueves, 02 de mayo de 2019

Species on the College of Charleston Campus

College of Charleston
Charleston, SC

Publicado el jueves, 02 de mayo de 2019 a las 11:03 PM por christian731 christian731 | 30 observaciones | 0 comentarios | Deja un comentario

miércoles, 01 de mayo de 2019

Sullivan's Island Part 2

On April 11, 2019 at Sullivan's Island, SC from the time of 12:30pm to 1:30pm (1 hour), I made observations through the iNaturalist app and posted them to my account. Prior to my visit, I had already been to Sullivan's Island to conduct observations. While there weren't any extreme changes to the environment, there are some noticeable differences that contributed to new discoveries found during my second visit. From the first time I was on Sullivan's Island (January 17, 2019), it was technically winter and the temperature was 70 degrees. In contrast to my time there on January 17, on April 11, the temperature was 79 degrees with an even higher heat index that made the overall climate feel like 85 degrees. The goal of the time spent on the island, in contrast to the first, was to collect a live Texas horned lizard, in hopes of gaining some knowledge on its life in Charleston since the species introduction to the area. With prior knowledge to where Texas horned lizards would generally be during the time of the exploration, that being out in the dunes sunbathing, I most of the time there in hopes of spotting one.
While searching for a Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), I also observed many different plant life. The first plant that I observed was Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). The Japanese honeysuckle is a twining vine able to climb up to 33 feet high or more and is found all across the United States. The plant has a strong, sweet aroma that is especially prominent during the night. Honeysuckle flowers and nectar can safely be consumed but the berries contain substances that induce nausea and vomiting. Due to the fact that Japanese honeysuckle is a common plant cultivated in the United States, my observation was verified as research grade. Among the vines of the Japanese honeysuckle was poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). Poison ivy is a poisonous flowering plant found all across the United States that is known for causing an itchy, irritating, and sometimes painful rash when people come in contact with it. The rash is caused by urushiol, a clear liquid compound in the plant's sap. The plant is commonly identified by the fact that it has three leaves at the top. Once again, because poison ivy is such a common plant my observation was verified as research grade. Higher up in the dunes, relatively close to where I identified the poison ivy and Japanese honeysuckle, I saw a beach evening-primrose (Oenothera drummondii). Beach evening-primrose is a species of the evening primrose family and is native to open dunes and sandy soils across the East Coast. This species one of the few plants that can survive the harsh conditions of the coastal strand - the shifting, blowing strip of beach and sand dunes above the high tide line. This primrose is an unmistakable identification and because of that, my observation was verified. I also identified a purple flower that I believed to be a Virginia spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana) but unfortunately I was informed that there isn't enough information to determine the species. Due to this fact, my observation has yet to be verified as research grade. Once again due to lack of information, what I believed to be southern bulrush (Typha domingensis), can only be identified by the genus of Typha. Near all of these plants was a red mulberry tree (Morus rubra). The red mulberry tree is a species of mulberry native to eastern and central North America. The tree is most known for their mulberry fruit, that is a rich source of vitamins C, A, E and K and minerals such as potassium, iron and magnesium. While there were a lot of plants that I was able to identify, there goal for the day wasn't forgotten.
Majority of my time spent on Sullivan's Island was to observe a Texas horned lizard. Unfortunately, I was unable to collect one. While the climate was warm enough for the reptile, it was brought to my attention that the lizard has a routine of eating lass sums of food and resting for a few days before returning out to excrement and eat once again. This fact was likely the case for that day and was confirmed with the discovery of Texan horned lizard dung.
Overall, from the time of my first visit to Sullivan's Island to the second there weren't any drastic changes to the environment but there were some notable new discoveries. The second visit showed the impact that a little bit of time and a slight increase in temperature can do to the overall area. It just goes to show that there is always something new and exciting to be seen when immersing yourself into nature.

Publicado el miércoles, 01 de mayo de 2019 a las 01:09 AM por christian731 christian731 | 6 observaciones | 0 comentarios | Deja un comentario

martes, 30 de abril de 2019

Grice Marine Laboratory

On April 4, 2019 at the Grice Marine Labratory on James Island, from the time of 1:00pm to 4:00pm (3 hours), I made observations through the iNaturalist app and posted them to my account. On that Thursday, it was very sunny with a temperature of 73 degrees. While it would seem like it was a warm climate, due to the wind blowing it was fairly cool and almost cold even. Throughout the time at the site, I used a weighted net to disturb the sediment in the water and collect what was residing in it. From the animals collected in the net, I made observations and identified them through the iNaturalist app.
Stepping out onto the beach I noticed a similar reddish-brown color throughout the water and upon moving closer to inspect it, I realized that it was from some type of seaweed. After posting an image to the iNaturalist app, I found out that it was Gracilaria. Gracilaria is a genus of red algae, notable for its economic importance as it is used for food for humans and various shellfish. This species of algae is becoming an issue for the fishing industry in Charleston due to the fact that it gets caught in the nets. In fact, Gracilaria is so common that it has now been declared an invasive species. The algae is speculated to have been introduced during WWII and has since been increasing in population. While I don't know the exact species, I am certain of the genus, but my observation has yet to be verified as research grade. Before beginning the process of casting the weighted net, I took another look at the shore and noticed some more interesting things. In addition to the Gracilaria, there was also a knobbed whelk (Busycon carica). The knobbed whelk is a species of very large predatory sea snail. Knobbed whelks are protandric hermaphrodites, which means they are initially males and then change into females as they age. The snail eats clams and is differentiated between others by the fact that its opening is on the right side. In addition to the knobbed whelk, I also identified, what I thought was a serpulid tubeworm, but know now to be a plumed worm (Diopatra cuprea). Plumed worms is a species of polychaete worm found largely in South Carolina. The plumed worm features a long narrow tube which it attaches to the sea floor and has a retractable “plume” that it extends to take in nutrients from surrounding waters. My identification of the knobbed whelk has been verified but the identification of the plumed worm has yet to be verified as a research grade observation. After observing from the shore, I began the process of collection with the net and from there observed what was caught.
After the first time using the net, there were some notable discoveries such as a small flat fish with a golden-brown color to it. I believed that the fish was a small puffer but was later corrected and informed that it was a filefish (Monacanthidae). After this individual made this correction, another person stated that the fish could be a juvenile planehead filefish (Stephanolepis hispidus). Unfortunately for both corrections, they are only speculations and the exact species of the fish I observed is still unknown. In addition to the possible planehead filefish, was an Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia). The Atlantic silverside is a small species of fish found in the West Atlantic and is often the subject of scientific research because of its sensitivity to environmental changes. The Atlantic silverside is a long, slender, and thin-bodied fish with two dorsal fins, a rounded white belly, and large scales. It has a short head with large eyes and a small mouth. Along each side, is a distinct silver band outlined by a narrow black stripe. Due to commonness of the fish, my post of the Atlantic silverside was almost instantly verified as a research grade observation. After identifying these species, I began a second attempt at the collection process, and was able to identify more species.
From the net, I noticed a repeat of some fish species that were already observed, such as the Atlantic silverside, but there were new ones in addition to that fish such as a swimming crab (Portunidae). Portunidae is a fmaily of crabs and while the exact species of the one that I identified is unknown, all members of this family share the feature of a pair of legs that are flattened into paddles for swimming. Due to the fact that the species is unknown, my observation has not been verified as research grade.
Overall, the Grice Marine Laboratory is in a prime location for research and has access to large amount of marine life diversity. The area is unique not only in the species that inhabit it but also the effects that are experienced due to commercial cargo ships that are constantly passing through the Charleston harbor, ultimately creating abnormal wave and current patterns.

Publicado el martes, 30 de abril de 2019 a las 11:01 PM por christian731 christian731 | 6 observaciones | 0 comentarios | Deja un comentario

Dixie Plantation Part 2

On March 14, 2019 from the time of 1:00pm to 3:00pm (2 hours), I returned to Dixie Plantation, in Hollywood, SC, for the second time and made observations through the iNaturalist app and posted them to my account. Having only been away from the site for about a month there weren't necessarily any drastic changes in the environment but there were some notable discoveries not found during the previous visit (February 7, 2019). On Thursday, it was very sunny with a temperature of 75 degrees, compared to the 73 degree temperature on February 7, 2019. While two degrees warmer may not seem like a lot, due to humidity, there was a high heat index and the overall climate was searing. As done before, traps were laid out prior to my arrival at the site. From there I collected the traps and observed the specimens inside to see whether or not anything new was discovered.
As expected, there were many animals, such as eastern crayfish (Cambarus bartonii) and bluegills (Lepomis), that had already been caught and identified from the first visit to the research site. While there were many repeats of the organisms caught, there were also a substantial amount of new ones. Upon retrieving the first trap, I observed a salamander. After posting an image to the iNaturalist app, I was able to identify it as a mole salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum). A mole salamander is a species of salamander found in the eastern and central part of the United States. The species is sometimes referred to as the "tadpole" salamander because some individuals remain in this state their whole life. This species of salamander is often found among the leaves on the forest floor and migrate to ponds to breed. While my identification of this species is accurate, it has yet to be verified as a research grade observation. On a fallen tree, near where the mole salamander was found, was white-pored chicken (Laetiporus cincinnatus). Whtie-pored chicken is a species of fungi that grows on trees, often referred to as bracket fungus. This species of fungus is found in the eastern and central parts of the United States. The fungus has striking features that make it an easy species to identify; the fungus has golden-yellow shelf-life structures that fade to pale beige or grey when it gets older and tubelike pores on its undersurface. Since my identification of this species, it has been deemed a research grade observation. In addition to the white-pored chicken covering trees, there were a large amount of red maple (Acer rubrum) seeds and seedlings on the ground. The red maple is one of the most common and widespread species of deciduous trees. The tree is commonly found in the eastern half of North America and is more commonly found in swamps or near water. Red maple trees can grow to be 90 feet tall and can live to be 150 years old. The seeds, called samaras, are reddish in color and have two wings that aid them in wind dispersal through a helicopter blade and propeller motion. With the red maple being the most abundant native tree in eastern North America, according to the U.S. Forest service, it's no doubt that my identification was verified as research grade. Continuing to move along the trail, there were more traps to be retrieved.
With large amounts of fresh water throughout the area, it was no surprise to see large fish and amphibian diversity. From the second trap collected, there were a substantial amount of eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). The eastern mosquitofish is a species of freshwater fish found primarily in the eastern and southern regions of the United States. This species of fish is very adaptable and can live in aquatic habitats from fresh to hyper-saline and cold temperate to tropical waters. Despite having caught a large number of eastern mosquitofish, the population of the species isn't very large in number. While the population currently isn't very large, this species is beginning to be recognized as an invasive species that, as a result, can lead to increase population numbers. In addition to the eastern mosquitofish found, there was also an american water frog (Lithobates) and a pygmy sunfish (Elassoma). Unfortunately for these two animals, the exact species were unable to be identified. The american water frog discovered was still in the tadpole stage of its life cycle. Despite not being able to identify the species, it still belongs to the genus of Lithobates, true frogs. In the case of the pygmy sunfish, there is speculation over the species but unfortunately not evidence to confirm. When I first posted an image of the fish to iNaturalist, I identified it as a pirate perch (Aphredoderus sayanus) but later was informed that the head and mouth shape was not correct for that species of fish. Upon further analyzing, the conclusion was made that it was a member of the genus Elassoma. Elassoma is a genus of freshwater fish knwon as pygmy sunfish, although they aren't true sunfishes. Although the genus was confirmed, there is speculation that it's a Banded sunfish, due to it being a common species in the particular region. Going into deeper bodies of water to collect more traps, there were more new species found.
Fallen over, but still alive, was a black willow (Salix nigra) tree. The tree, while perceivably dead, was still alive due to the fact that roots and branches were connected through the xylem and phloem tubes that transport food and water throughout the tree. The black willow is a species of willow tree native to the eastern part of North America. The tree is known for its ability to thrive in wet conditions and their soft wood that resists splintering, which makes it commercially valuable. The species can grow to be 60 feet tall and in the spring it blooms with dangling catkins, which are composed of tiny flowers flowers that have no petals. The catkins are yellow-green in color and can be up to 3 inches long. While this tree is an easily identifiable species, my observation has yet to be verified and deemed research grade. In the same body of water that black willow was living, was an american pickerel (Esox americanus). The american pickerel is a freshwater fish dispersed in the eastern part of the United States. The fish can grow to be two feet in length and is characterized by its banded or chain-like markings. Also in the same body of water as the black willow and american pickerel was a fallen tree that had a fungus growing on it. Unfortunately, despite being analyzed species can't be determined but is being identified by its genus of Polyporales, shelf fungus. Moving away from the more dense forest area of Dixie to a large stream, I was able to come across more vegetation and animal species.
Observing more of the plant life on Dixie, I was able to come across sweetleaf (Symplocos tinctoria). The sweetleaf is also referred to as horse-sugar. It is a deciduous shrub, whose leaves are often consumed by animals, such as deer, due to their sugar content that can be processed into larger caloric value. The plant is recognized by the pith of its twigs chamber. In addition to this, its leaves are not only sweet but also aromatic, finely haired, and 7-15 centimeters long. Not too far from the sweetleaf, was a baldcypress (Taxodium distichum). The baldcypress is a deciduous conifer that grows in saturated soils in the lowlands of the southeastern part of the United States. The tree gets its name from the fact that it drops its leaves so early in the season. These trees have a characteristic feature of “knees," a special kind of root. The knee is a pneumatophore, that grows from horizontal roots just below the surface and protrude upward from the ground or water and function to transport air to drowned roots underground. Once again, although it is an easily identifiable species of tree, my observation hasn't been verified. Relatively close to where I observed the baldcypress, on the ground, was a strange insect that I had never seen before. With the use of the iNaturalist app, I was able to identify it as a sculptured pine borer (Chalcophora virginiensis). The sculptured pine borer is a metallic woodboring beetle, endemic to forested areas in the eastern United States. The adults of this species are shiny and golden, sometimes bronzed, with lines of ivory along the back that highlight the texture. The bug bores tunnels in wood, eating the tissue, and leave once they mature, ultimately leaving the tree left for dead. In addition to the new observations made, there were repeats such as the finding of a green tree frog (Hyla cinerea).
Overall, from the time of my first visit to Dixie Plantation to the second there weren't any drastic changes to the environment but there were some notable new discoveries. The second visit showed the impact that a little bit of time and a slight increase in temperature can do to the overall area. It just goes to show that there is always something new and exciting to be seen when immersing yourself into nature.

Publicado el martes, 30 de abril de 2019 a las 06:27 PM por christian731 christian731 | 14 observaciones | 0 comentarios | Deja un comentario

viernes, 19 de abril de 2019

Downtown Charleston

On February 28, 2019 in downtown Charleston, SC, from the time of 12:30pm to 2:00pm (1 1/2 hours), I made observations through the iNaturalist app and posted them to my account. On that Thursday, it was very sunny with a temperature of 75 degrees accompanied by a high humidity index. My exploration started relatively close to the epicenter of the urban district of Charleston and extended down Bull street to the final observation point, historically an area for oyster harvesting man-made into a pond.
Charleston is a touristic place praised and noted for it's historic beauty, from old churches to mansions. In addition to the man-made structures accredited for their appealing aesthetic, the natural sights to be had are just as spectacular. All along the streets of Charleston you see palmetto trees and blooming jessamine flowers scaling the sides of buildings, so it was no surprise to be able to identify a wide variety of plant life and some animals that inhabit these vegetations.
Beginning the tread on my exploration, I came across a common plant, typically seen in gardens for aesthetic purposes, Madagascar umbrella papyrus (Cyperus alternifolius). Madagascar umbrella papyrus, also referred to as umbrella palm, is a grass-like plant in the genus of Cyperus. This grass-like plant is commonly found in the United States on the southern part of the East and West coast but the plant itself is native to Madagascar, hence the name "Madagascar" umbrella papyrus. While this plant is a relatively easy species to identify, due to its common shape and characteristic sprouting "flowers," my observation has yet to be deemed that of research grade. Moving more towards the direction of Bull St, I noticed a tree with pink flowers, that of which someone could possibly misidentify as a cherry blossom, but upon identifying it through the iNaturalist app I learned that is was an eastern redbud tree (Cercis canadensis). The eastern redbud, is a large deciduous shrub or small tree that, unlike an evergreen, sheds its leaves annually. The deciduous tree begins to bloom in early spring, growing white buds that gradually develop their distinct purple color. The eastern redbud is native to the eastern part of North America but is known to thrive in other areas such as California. Once again, like the Madagascar umbrella papyrus, the eastern redbud is a common tree planted around the Charleston area for its aesthetic appeal. Also, like the Madagascar umbrella papyrus, my post hasn't been recognized as a research grade observation. Surveying the area to see if there were anymore possible identifications, I noticed a large amount of oak trees and upon closer inspection I detected sickly looking plants, curled up and shriveled, attached all along the tree. Capturing an image of these odd vegetations, I was able to identify them as resurrection ferns (Pleopeltis michauxiana). Resurrection ferns are a species of epiphytic fern, native to the Central and Eastern America. The name "resurrection fern" comes from the aspect that the plant can easily lose up to 75% of its water reserves on a relatively hot and dry day. From the extreme water loss, the plant responds by shriveling up to a grayish brown clump of leaves. When it is exposed to water again, it will “come back to life” and look green and healthy. Since my post of the resurrection plant, it has been deemed a research grade observation. As mentioned before, Charleston has a plethora of palmettos in the local area, so it was no surprise to come across, what I know now to be, a needle palm (Rhapidophyllum hystrix). The needle palm is a plant native to the southeastern part of the United States. The palm thrives in subtropical temperatures and is characterized by the long needles found at the base of the plant. My observation, while accurate, has yet to be formally verified as research grade. As expected, based on the purpose of some of the previous plants mentioned, I observed many species of plants cultivated for their aesthetic appeal. Plants like these include daffodils (Narcissus), red buckeye trees (Aesculus pavia), tsutsusi azaleas (Rhododendron indicum), common lantanas (Lantana camara), and star magnolias (Magnolia stellate).
With so many plants beginning to bloom, there had to be some type of bird or insect to pollinate all of them. Amongst where I saw the majority of flowers, I identified, what I believed to be, two eastern carpenter bees (Xylocopa virginica). After sharing my id on the iNaturalist app, I learned that the two bees were actually cellophane bees (Colletes). Cellophane bees are of the genus Collete and are categorized as ground-nesting bees. The bees build cells in underground nests that are lined with a cellophane-like plastic secretion. Plant diversity being so vas in Charleston, it makes perfect sense for their to be a large insect diversity too. Amongst the leaves of a sabal palmetto tree, I saw a giant leaf-footed bug (Acanthocephala declivis). The giant leaf-footed bug has adaptations that allow it to blend in with its environment. The bug is the largest of its genus and can grow to be 1.3in long in abdomen.
Finally arriving to the main location point of interest, I identified a green anole (Anolis carolinensis). The green anole is a arboreal lizard found primarily in the southeastern part of the United States. The lizard has the ability to change colors form several brown hues to bright green. Green anoles have a common body structure of a narrow, pointed head, slender body, long hind legs, and thin tail. The lizard can reach a total length of five to eight inches and males are generally larger than females. In addition to the green anole I also discovered a large amount of marsh periwinkles (Littoraria irrorata). March periwinkle is a species of sea snail that plays an important role in the environment by digesting and processing waste into a more viable source of nutrients for co inhabitant plants.
Overall, from the time I spent observing different plant and animal species in the downtown Charleston area I gained an insight into how each species plays a role in the natural diversity and beauty of the environment. More specifically, I was able to identify, seemingly common, plants that actually have more interesting aspects about them. Downtown Charleston, while not a typical environment, is a highly diverse and functioning one that, not only, provides food and shelter for the plants and animals but also beauty for the people immersed in it.

Publicado el viernes, 19 de abril de 2019 a las 04:47 AM por christian731 christian731 | 15 observaciones | 1 comentario | Deja un comentario

domingo, 03 de marzo de 2019

Dixie Plantation, Hollywood, SC

On February 7, 2019 at Dixie Plantation, in Hollywood, SC, from the time of 12:30pm to 4:00pm (3 1/2 hours), I made observations through the iNaturalist app and posted them to my account. On that Thursday, it was very sunny with a temperature of 73 degrees; the humidity was very high on the plantation and as a result, the overall climate was scorching. I started my exploration at the start of the trail, where I was then informed by my research coordinator, Dr. McElroy, that he had previously laid out traps in various water parts of the property and that it was my responsibility to retrieve them so that we could identify any species that were inside the traps.
Retrieving the traps from the first site, all the species were collectively placed into a container with water from where they were collected. Using sardines for bait, there were, surprisingly, a lot of fish in the traps. On the other hand, unsurprisingly, there were a multitude of crayfish that ultimately were attempting to pursue the fish for food. Taking a closer look at these creatures, I identified the brownish-grey fish as eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), but shortly after posting this observation I was informed that it was the wrong mouth for the fish in my picture to be a Gambusia. Continuing the discussion on the fish, in an attempt to identify it, I was asked the question of whether the fish was collected in fresh or salt water, of which I answered "fresh." Shortly after the discussion about the logistics of the fish and where it was collected, Dr. McElroy informed me that it was a pygmy sunfish (Elassoma). Despite all of these attempts to identify the species of the fish, I have yet to receive the credibility of a research grade observation but I am, for my own record, associating the fish with the genus of Elassoma. Elassoma is a genus of freshwater fish, collectively found in the lower region of South Carolina, known as pygmy sunfish but are not true sunfishes. Looking at the other organisms inside of the container, there was a sizeable amount of crayfish of various sizes. The crayfish were dark-brown, almost black, and slightly aggressive towards each other and the other organisms, so much so that they began to eat some of the pygmy sunfish. Identifying these crayfish, I associated them specifically with the eastern crayfish (Cambarus bartonii) but more generally they belong to the genus of Procambarus in the Cambaridae family. The genus of Procambarus is found all across North America and has a total of 160 different species in 16 subgenera. In an attempt to observe the gender, I took a picture of the underside of the crayfish, but unfortunately I am still unsure of such. In addition to the pygmy sunfish and Procambarus, there was also, what I believed to be, a dollar sunfish. This fish was highly intriguing due to its vibrancy of blue and yellow coloring and fair size. Shortly after posting the picture of this fish and my attempt at the identification of the species, someone informed me that it may be a bluegill and also has the genus of Lepomis. Bluegill fish (Lepomis macrochirus), are a species of freshwater fish that live in streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds and usually hide around or inside old tree stumps. While this fish is very similar to that of a bluegill and noticeably has the blue coloring, I still fee as though it is a dollar sunfish but unfortunately my identification hasn't been verified as a research grade observation.
Relatively close to where the container of species was located, was a southern cricket frog (Acris gryllus). The southern cricket frog is a small hylid (small and can climb trees) frog native to the southeastern United States. Although the southern cricket frog is a member of the tree frog family, it is a ground-dwelling species that is found in areas with shallow bodies of freshwater. Shortly after posting my observation of this frog, it was deemed research grade. Finishing up with the first site, I released each organism back to the water and moved onto the next one.
Walking along to the next trap site, I noticed the ground was covered with purple flowers. Curious as to what they were, I took a picture of them and were able to identify them as the common blue violet (Viola sororia), unfortunately my observation has not been commented on or recognized as research grade. Approaching the next trap site, a fellow researcher came across, what I believe to be a cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) unfortunately the snake submerged into the water so I was unable to get a clear identification of it. Moving along to the next trap site, I noticed some distinct vegetation.
Along the banks of a stream, there was a wide variety of plant species such as parrot's feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) and river cane (Arundinaria gigantea). River cane is a species of bamboo and is commonly found in the southeastern part of the United States. The species of bamboo is commonly associated with is rapid growth time and contrasting height as opposed to its relative giant cane (Arundo donax). My identification of the river cane has yet to be commented on or receive recognition of being a research grade observation. The other plant species, parrot's feather, is an aquatic flowering plant, vascular dicot. The plant is commonly found in the southern region of the United States and is often seen in or around deep or shallow bodies of water. My observation of the parrot's feather has been deemed a research grade quality of data. From the stream, I began to move further down the trail towards the forest.
As I was moving along the trail towards the forest, I was stopped by a deer crossing with a total of 9 deer. I, unfortunately, was unable to identify the species but I assume they were either white-tailed or mule deer, both a part of the Odocoileus genus. Entering into the forest I came across a small stream, where I then caught a green tree frog (Hyla cinereal). Like the southern cricket frog, the green tree frog is a hylid and a common species of New World tree frog commonly found in the southeastern region of North America. The green tree frog can be identified by its characteristic of a white stripe going down its side. Since my observation of the green tree frog, it has been deemed a research grade identification. Walking through the forest and along the ground, I noticed a number of fungi species such as Russula cerolens and thin-walled maze polypore (Daedaleopsis confragosa). Russula cerolens is a brown, bitter tasting member of the Russulas genus. Like other species in the group, it has a waxy almond-like odor, somewhat reminiscent of maraschino cherries. This type of fungus is common in the southeastern part of the United States and typically is fairly large in size. The other fungus, thin-walled maze polypore, is a species of polypore fungus that causes white rot on injured hardwoods, such as the oak that I found it on. The fungi are in the shape of a semicircle and measure up to eight inches in diameter. Typically white, the thin-walled maze polypore turns gray-brown as it ages. Unfortunately, both of my observations of the fungi have yet to be commented on or identified as research grade quality data. Circling back around to the beginning of the trail, I noticed more vegetation, viewed a few more traps, and was greeted by a surprise.
As I treaded through deep and slimy mud, ultimately caused by flooding from rain, I saw a skull of a deer. Having seen live ones crossing previously, it was only matter of time before I saw a dead one. The skull was still covered by fur but had been completely decomposed of all its flesh and muscle fibers. Based on the looks of the skull and the surrounding bones, I would say that deer was dead for approximately three to four months. Collecting the skull for further research, I continued towards the front of the property. Noticing more vegetation, I identified yauponhHolly (Llex vomitoria). Yaupon holly is a species of holly that is native to southeastern North America. The plant species was commonly cultivated by the Catawba Indians. The Native Americans would use the berries to make a black tea that caused vomiting and hallucinations. My observation of the yaupon holly has been deemed a research grade identification. Viewing the last set of traps, I observed a multitude of fringed diving beetles and more pygmy sunfish. The fringed diving beetle is a species of predaceous diving beetle. The fringed diving beetle has identifying characteristics such as an elongated and oval shaped body and flattened and fringed hind legs used for increased speed when swimming and diving. My observation of this insect, unfortunately, has yet to be commented on or identified as research grade quality data.
Overall, Dixie Plantation was a great location for research due to its massive and extensive diversity of plant and animal life. The property is a prime area for studies on ecological succession, niches, and inhabitation. I would like to return to Dixie Plantation to observe any changes that may have occurred in the environment since my last visit.

Publicado el domingo, 03 de marzo de 2019 a las 04:55 PM por christian731 christian731 | 12 observaciones | 1 comentario | Deja un comentario

lunes, 25 de febrero de 2019

Sullivan's Island, SC

On January 17, 2019 at Sullivan's Island, SC from the time of 12:30pm to 3:00pm (2 1/2 hours), I made observations through the iNaturalist app and posted them to my account. I began the Sullivan's Island Nature Trail at station 16, where you can access the beachfront via this route. The temperature was fairly warm, being 70 degrees and reaching a high of 76 for that day. In addition to this, the wind speeds were at a constant of 8-9mph for the day and there was a clear sky.
Beginning my tread on the trail, I was surrounded by native trees of the low country such as live oak (Quercus virginiana), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and Sabal palmetto or cabbage-palm. Walking down the trail towards the beachfront I discovered hairy bracket (Trametes hirsuta), a type of fungi found year-round in the southern region of the east coast. This fungi is commonly found on dead wood of deciduous trees, such as oak trees, that of which I believe is what it was growing on. Relatively close to where I observed the hairy bracket, I saw bushy bluestem (Andropogon glomeratus ), a species of grass that can have an average height of two meters and is typically crowned with crème-colored flowers. While the grass is typically green and has the flowers mentioned previously, due to the time of year still being in the midst of winter, the grass was brittle and of a rust color. The same grass was found all across the trail and in the sand dunes closer towards the beachfront. Also along trail, I came across what I believed at the time to be false golden asters (Heterotheca), but now know to be camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris). Camphorweed is a flowering plant that is common along the southern part of the east coast. The plant branches out from a single stem and can reach several inches above the ground. Much like the bushy bluestem, the plant wasn't as vibrant as it would commonly be during the spring time.
As I made my way closer to the beachfront, I could begin to notice the ecological succession where there was a transition from maritime forests, to shrubs, to the dunes. Upon reaching the dunes, I observed the exoskeleton of an Atlantic Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus ) that appeared to have been decaying for quite some time. My conclusion that the organism was an Atlantic Horseshoe Crab, has since been recognized as a research grade observation. Moving away from the dunes and walking along the shore I discovered, what I had previously believed to be a hairy seaweed crab, a Pilumnus sayi, another species of crabs with the distinguishing factor of "hairy claws." Heading once again towards the sand dunes I came across a decaying Raccoon (Procyon lotor) that had been dead for about 36 days, due to the bloating of the animal. In addition to this, I came across Greenbriers (Smilax), made research grade observations of a pecan (Carya illinoinensis ) and sea oats (Uniola paniculate), and found Indian Blanket flowers (Gaillardia pulchella). My exploration of Sullivan's Island Nature Trail was very interesting, especially when I observed the mass of plant diversity within the sand dunes, from prickly pear cacti to poison oak. Overall, my time on Sullivan's Island helped to create observations insightful to the biodiversity of the island and more broadly the low country region.

Publicado el lunes, 25 de febrero de 2019 a las 03:42 AM por christian731 christian731 | 5 observaciones | 1 comentario | Deja un comentario

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